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messages rejection

  • 1 отбой сообщений

    Russian-English dictionary of telecommunications > отбой сообщений

  • 2 отбой сообщений

    Telecommunications: messages rejection

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > отбой сообщений

  • 3 razón

    f.
    1 reason, cause, explanation, motive.
    2 intellect, intelligence, reason.
    3 ratio, rate.
    * * *
    1 (facultad) reason
    2 (motivo) reason, cause
    3 (mensaje) message
    4 (justicia) justice
    5 MATEMÁTICAS ratio, rate
    \
    a razón de in the ratio of, at the rate of
    asistirle a uno la razón to be in the right
    atender a razones to listen to reason
    con razón with good reason
    con razón o sin ella rightly or wrongly
    dar la razón a alguien to agree with somebody, say that somebody is right
    entrar en razón to listen to reason
    mandar razón to send a message
    no tener razón to be wrong
    perder la razón to lose one's reason
    'Razón aquí' "Enquire within", "Apply within"
    'Razón en portería' "Inquiries to caretaker"
    razón de más para... all the more reason to...
    tener razón to be right
    tener razones para hacer algo to have reason to do something
    razón de Estado reason of State
    razón de ser raison d'être
    razón social trade name
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=facultad) reason

    • entrar en razón — to see sense, listen to reason

    • perder la razón — to go out of one's mind

    • tener uso de razón: escribo desde que tengo uso de razón — I've been writing for as long as I can remember

    apenas tenían uso de razón cuando... — they were mere babes in arms when...

    2) (=verdad)

    • asistir la razón, le asiste la razón — he has right on his side

    • cargarse de razón — to have right fully on one's side

    quiero cargarme de razón antes de... — I want to be sure of my case before...

    • con razón o sin ella — rightly or wrongly

    • dar la razón a algn — (=estar de acuerdo) to agree that sb is right; (=apoyar) to side with sb

    • quitar la razón a algn — to say sb is wrong

    • razón le sobra — she's only too right

    • tener razón — to be right

    3) (=motivo) reason

    ¿cuál era la razón de su visita? — what was the reason for his visit?

    la razón por la que lo hizo — the reason why he did it, the reason for his doing it

    • con razón — with good reason

    están hartos con toda la razón (del mundo) — they're fed up and they have good reason to be, they're fed up and rightly so

    ¡con razón! — naturally!

    • razón de más, razón de más para ayudarlas — all the more reason to help them

    • en razón a o de — (=debido a) owing to; (=de acuerdo con) according to

    • no atender a razones, no atiende a razones — he won't listen to reason

    4) (=información)

    razón: Princesa 4 — inquiries to 4 Princesa Street, for further details apply to 4 Princesa Street

    • dar razón de algo/algn — to give information about sth/sb

    nadie supo dar razón de su paradero — no one knew o could tell us his whereabouts

    • mandar a algn razón de que haga algo — † to send word (to sb) to do sth

    5) (Mat) ratio

    • a razón de, a razón de cinco a siete — in the ratio of five to seven

    6) (Com)

    razón social — trade name, firm's name

    * * *
    1) (motivo, causa) reason

    ¿por qué razón lo hiciste? — why did you do it?

    se quejan sin razón/con razón — they're complaining for no good reason/they have good reason to complain

    razón de más para... — all the more reason to...

    en razón de los últimos sucesos — in view of o owing to recent events

    atender or atenerse or avenirse a razones — to listen to reason

    razón: portería — inquiries to the doorman (AmE) o (BrE) porter

    razón: 874256 — call 874256

    dar razón de algo/alguien — to give information about something/somebody

    nadie le dio razón — (fam) no one could help him

    3) (verdad, acierto)

    tener or llevar razón — to be right

    tienes toda la razón — (fam) you're absolutely right

    4)
    a) ( inteligencia) reason
    b) ( cordura) reason

    perder la razón — to go out of one's mind; ( en sentido hiperbólico) to take leave of one's senses

    5) (Mat) ratio
    * * *
    = cause, ground, motive, reason, peg.
    Nota: En sentido figurado, razón o motivo utilizado como argumento para defender una actuación concreta.
    Ex. The commandment KOLN see COLOGNE should be sufficient cause for the rejection of the illicit proposal to establish OPERA -- KOLN.
    Ex. I think there are grounds for dispute on certain terms.
    Ex. Other title information is any title borne by an item indicative of the character, contents, etc. of the item or the motives for, or occasion of, its production or publication.
    Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex. The concepts currently being floated by UNESCO are such as will make convenient pegs to hang pleas for resources for bibliographic and library development to national governments.
    ----
    * aducir razones = provide + reasons.
    * argumentar + Posesivo + razones = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * buscar razones que expliquen Algo = ascribe + reasons to.
    * confirmar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * con más razón aún = a fortiori.
    * con razón = rightly, quite rightly, understandably, rightfully.
    * con toda la razón = quite rightly.
    * darle la razón a Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.
    * dar razón de ser = bring + purpose.
    * dar una razón = give + reason.
    * demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, prove + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * discriminatorio por razones de edad = ageist [agist].
    * el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.
    * en razón a = in the interest(s) of, on grounds.
    * en razón a que = on the grounds that/of.
    * entrar en razón = come to + Posesivo + senses.
    * esa es la razón por la que = that is why.
    * escuchar la voz de la razón = listen to + the voice of reason.
    * ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.
    * existir razones para = there + be + ground(s) for.
    * explicar las razones de = set out + the reasons for.
    * exponer las razones = discuss + the reasons.
    * exponer las razones de = set out + the reasons for.
    * exponer una razón = give + reason.
    * hay razones para pensar que = there + be + reason to believe that.
    * la razón de ser = the reason for being.
    * las razones de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.
    * la voz de la razón = the voice of reason.
    * llevar razón = be right, be in the right.
    * más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * mostrar las razones por las que = show + cause why.
    * no tener razón = be wrong.
    * no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * obras son amores y no buenas razones = actions speak louder than words.
    * ofrecer razones = provide + reasons.
    * perder la razón = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * permiso por razones familiares = family leave.
    * por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por esta única razón = for this reason alone.
    * por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * por razones de = for the sake of.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por razones éticas = on moral grounds.
    * por razones morales = on moral grounds.
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * principal razón = prime cause.
    * probar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.
    * probrar que se tiene razón = make + Posesivo + case.
    * razón convincente = compelling reason.
    * razón de ser = point, raison d'etre, rationale, sense of purpose.
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * razones personales = personal reasons.
    * razón fundamental = rationale.
    * razón justificada = justified reason.
    * razón práctica = practical reason.
    * ser la razón de = lie at + the root of.
    * sin razón = wanton, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin razón alguna = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin razón aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.
    * sin razón justificada = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * tener razón = be correct, be right, be spot on, be in the right.
    * tener razones para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * todas las razones del mundo = every reason.
    * visita por razones de investigación = research trip, research visit.
    * y con razón = and rightfully so.
    * * *
    1) (motivo, causa) reason

    ¿por qué razón lo hiciste? — why did you do it?

    se quejan sin razón/con razón — they're complaining for no good reason/they have good reason to complain

    razón de más para... — all the more reason to...

    en razón de los últimos sucesos — in view of o owing to recent events

    atender or atenerse or avenirse a razones — to listen to reason

    razón: portería — inquiries to the doorman (AmE) o (BrE) porter

    razón: 874256 — call 874256

    dar razón de algo/alguien — to give information about something/somebody

    nadie le dio razón — (fam) no one could help him

    3) (verdad, acierto)

    tener or llevar razón — to be right

    tienes toda la razón — (fam) you're absolutely right

    4)
    a) ( inteligencia) reason
    b) ( cordura) reason

    perder la razón — to go out of one's mind; ( en sentido hiperbólico) to take leave of one's senses

    5) (Mat) ratio
    * * *
    = cause, ground, motive, reason, peg.
    Nota: En sentido figurado, razón o motivo utilizado como argumento para defender una actuación concreta.

    Ex: The commandment KOLN see COLOGNE should be sufficient cause for the rejection of the illicit proposal to establish OPERA -- KOLN.

    Ex: I think there are grounds for dispute on certain terms.
    Ex: Other title information is any title borne by an item indicative of the character, contents, etc. of the item or the motives for, or occasion of, its production or publication.
    Ex: The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex: The concepts currently being floated by UNESCO are such as will make convenient pegs to hang pleas for resources for bibliographic and library development to national governments.
    * aducir razones = provide + reasons.
    * argumentar + Posesivo + razones = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * buscar razones que expliquen Algo = ascribe + reasons to.
    * confirmar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * con más razón aún = a fortiori.
    * con razón = rightly, quite rightly, understandably, rightfully.
    * con toda la razón = quite rightly.
    * darle la razón a Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.
    * dar razón de ser = bring + purpose.
    * dar una razón = give + reason.
    * demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, prove + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * discriminatorio por razones de edad = ageist [agist].
    * el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.
    * en pleno uso de + Posesivo + razón = mentally fit.
    * en razón a = in the interest(s) of, on grounds.
    * en razón a que = on the grounds that/of.
    * entrar en razón = come to + Posesivo + senses.
    * esa es la razón por la que = that is why.
    * escuchar la voz de la razón = listen to + the voice of reason.
    * ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.
    * existir razones para = there + be + ground(s) for.
    * explicar las razones de = set out + the reasons for.
    * exponer las razones = discuss + the reasons.
    * exponer las razones de = set out + the reasons for.
    * exponer una razón = give + reason.
    * hay razones para pensar que = there + be + reason to believe that.
    * la razón de ser = the reason for being.
    * las razones de = the reason behind, the thinking behind, the reasoning behind, the idea behind.
    * la voz de la razón = the voice of reason.
    * llevar razón = be right, be in the right.
    * más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * mostrar las razones por las que = show + cause why.
    * no tener razón = be wrong.
    * no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * obras son amores y no buenas razones = actions speak louder than words.
    * ofrecer razones = provide + reasons.
    * perder la razón = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * permiso por razones familiares = family leave.
    * por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por esta única razón = for this reason alone.
    * por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * por razones de = for the sake of.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por razones éticas = on moral grounds.
    * por razones morales = on moral grounds.
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * principal razón = prime cause.
    * probar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.
    * probrar que se tiene razón = make + Posesivo + case.
    * razón convincente = compelling reason.
    * razón de ser = point, raison d'etre, rationale, sense of purpose.
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * razones personales = personal reasons.
    * razón fundamental = rationale.
    * razón justificada = justified reason.
    * razón práctica = practical reason.
    * ser la razón de = lie at + the root of.
    * sin razón = wanton, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin razón alguna = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin razón aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.
    * sin razón justificada = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * tener razón = be correct, be right, be spot on, be in the right.
    * tener razones para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * todas las razones del mundo = every reason.
    * visita por razones de investigación = research trip, research visit.
    * y con razón = and rightfully so.

    * * *
    A (motivo, causa) reason
    tuvo sus razones para actuar así he had his reasons for acting like that
    la razón por la que te lo digo the reason (that) I'm telling you
    ¿por qué razón lo hiciste? why did you do it?
    la huelga ha de ser la razón por la que or por la cual no vino it must have been the strike that prevented him from coming
    no sé la razón que lo movió a hacer una cosa así I don't know what made him do o what induced him to do a thing like that
    se enojó y con razón she got angry and rightly so o and with good reason
    con razón o sin ella el caso es que se enfadó the fact is that, rightly or wrongly, she lost her temper
    se quejan sin razón they're complaining for nothing o for no good reason
    se quejan con razón they have good reason to complain, they have cause for complaint
    ¡con razón no contestaban el teléfono! no wonder they didn't answer the phone!, that's why o that explains why they didn't answer the phone!
    por una u otra razón siempre llega tarde he always arrives late for one reason or another
    razón de más para venir a vernos all the more reason to come and see us
    no hay razón para que no te quedes there's no reason why you can't stay
    por razones de seguridad for security reasons
    en razón de because of
    nadie resulta discriminado en razón de su edad, sexo o raza nobody is discriminated against on the grounds of o because of (their) age, sex or race
    la posibilidad de que haya sido secuestrado en razón del puesto que ocupa the possibility that he might have been kidnapped because of o on account of the position he holds
    en razón de los últimos acontecimientos in view of o owing to recent events
    Compuesto:
    registered name
    B
    (información): [ S ] Se alquila. Razón: portería For rent, inquiries to the super/caretaker
    [ S ] Se vende bicicleta. Razón: este establecimiento Bicycle for sale, inquire within
    [ S ] Se dan clases de inglés. Razón: 874256 English lessons given. Call 874256
    dar razón de algo/algn to give information about sth/sb
    no pudieron or supieron darnos razón de su paradero they were unable to tell us where to find him, they were unable to give us any information as to his whereabouts
    preguntó a todo el que encontraba si la habían visto pasar, pero nadie le dio razón ( fam); he asked everyone he came across if they had seen her go by, but no one could help him
    mandar razón a algn ( ant); to send word to sb
    Compuestos:
    raison d'être ( frml)
    ese problema no tiene razón de ser there's no reason for that problem to exist
    fpl reasons of State (pl)
    C
    (verdad, acierto): la razón está de su parte he's in the right
    esta vez tú tienes la razón this time you're right
    tuve que darle la razón I had to admit she was right
    me da la razón como a los locos ( fam); he just humors me
    tener or llevar razón to be right
    tienes toda la razón del mundo you're absolutely right
    D
    actuó guiado por la razón he acted on reason
    desde que tengo uso de razón for as long as I can remember
    2 (cordura) reason
    entrar en razón to see reason o sense
    perder la razón to lose one's reason, to go out of one's mind; (en sentido hiperbólico) to take leave of one's senses
    E ( Mat) ratio
    salimos a razón de 500 pesos cada uno it came out at 500 pesos each o a head
    Compuestos:
    difference
    ● razón directa/inversa
    direct/inverse ratio
    ratio
    * * *

     

    razón sustantivo femenino
    1 (motivo, causa) reason;

    se enojó y con razón she got angry and rightly so;
    con razón o sin ella rightly or wrongly;
    se quejan sin razón/con razón they're complaining for no good reason/they have good reason to complain;
    ¡con razón no contestaban! no wonder they didn't answer!;
    razón de más para … all the more reason to …
    2 (verdad, acierto): tener or llevar razón to be right;

    tienes toda la razón (fam) you're absolutely right
    3 ( habilidad para razonar) reason;

    desde que tengo uso de razón for as long as I can remember;
    entrar en razón to see reason o sense;
    perder la razón to go out of one's mind;

    ( en sentido hiperbólico) to take leave of one's senses
    razón sustantivo femenino
    1 (facultad) reason: razón y sentimiento a veces coinciden, reason and emotion sometimes coincide
    2 (verdad, acierto) rightness
    dar la razón a alguien, to say that sb is right
    tiene razón, he's right
    no tienes razón, you're wrong
    3 (motivo) reason: no tienes razón alguna para enfadarte, there is no reason to get angry
    4 (argumento) argument, reason: sus razones no eran demasiado convincentes, his arguments were not that convincing
    5 Mat ratio: avanzan a razón de diez kilómetros por día, they are advancing at the rate of ten kilometres per day
    6 (en un letrero) "razón portería", "details from caretaker"
    ♦ Locuciones: asistir la razón a alguien, to have right on one's side
    entrar en razón, to see sense
    no atender a razones, to refuse to see reason
    perder la razón, to lose the power of reason o to lose one's mind
    ' razón' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acá
    - admitir
    - dar
    - desvarío
    - estado
    - hacer
    - móvil
    - ociosa
    - ocioso
    - oponer
    - oscurecer
    - plausible
    - porfiar
    - pretender
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - trastornarse
    - turbar
    - argumento
    - aspecto
    - concluyente
    - convencer
    - descubrir
    - duda
    - justificación
    - motivo
    - oculto
    - peso
    - poder
    - punto
    - rata
    - suponer
    - temer
    - triunfar
    - uso
    English:
    accept
    - bear out
    - compelling
    - concede
    - guess
    - maybe
    - occasion
    - point
    - rate
    - ratio
    - reason
    - right
    - rightly
    - sense
    - show
    - somehow
    - understandably
    - wrong
    - absolutely
    - ageist
    - all
    - be
    - cause
    - could
    - deep
    - for
    - indeed
    - mind
    - nine
    - sanity
    - so
    - very
    - why
    * * *
    razón nf
    1. [causa, motivo, argumento] reason;
    la razón de la huelga/de que estén en huelga the reason for the strike/why they are on strike;
    no entiendo la razón de su marcha I don't understand why she's leaving;
    no hay razón para enfadarse there's no reason to get angry;
    la razón por la que voy the reason (why) I'm going;
    atender a razones to listen to reason;
    con mayor razón si… all the more so if…;
    ¡con razón no quería venir! no wonder he didn't want to come!;
    y con razón and quite rightly so;
    en o [m5] por razón de [en vista de] in view of;
    [a causa de] because of;
    por razones de salud/seguridad for health/safety reasons;
    razón de más para quedarse/protestar all the more reason to stay/protest;
    tiene razones para estar enojado he has good cause o good reason to be angry;
    tenemos razones para creer que… we have reason o cause to believe that…;
    sus razones tendrá para hacer eso she must have her reasons for doing something like that
    Pol razones de Estado reasons of state;
    razón de ser raison d'être;
    su actitud no tiene razón de ser her attitude is completely unjustified
    2. [verdad]
    la razón estaba de su parte, Formal [m5] le asistía la razón he was in the right, he had right on his side;
    razón no le falta he's quite right;
    con razón o sin ella rightly or wrongly;
    dar la razón a alguien to admit that sb is right;
    llevar o [m5] tener razón to be right;
    llevas o [m5] tienes toda la razón you're quite right;
    tener razón en o [m5] al hacer algo to be right to do sth;
    no tener razón to be wrong;
    quitar la razón a alguien [demostrar su equivocación] to prove sb wrong
    3. [juicio, inteligencia] reason;
    entrar en razón to see reason;
    no hay quien le haga entrar en razón no one can make him see reason;
    perder la razón to lose one's reason o mind
    4. [información]
    se vende casa: razón aquí [en letrero] house for sale: enquire within;
    dar razón de to give an account of;
    se recompensará a quien dé razón de su paradero there is a reward for anyone giving information regarding his whereabouts
    Com razón social trade name [of company]
    5. Mat ratio;
    a razón de at a rate of;
    salimos o [m5] tocamos a razón de 300 pesos por persona it worked out at 300 pesos per person
    6. Col, Méx, Ven [recado] message;
    Diego no está, ¿quiere dejarle razón? Diego's not in, do you want to leave a message?;
    viajo mañana, ¿tiene razón para su madre? I'm leaving tomorrow, do you have any messages for your mother?;
    pídale a su padre que mande razón ask her father to send us his news
    * * *
    f
    1 reason;
    sin razón for no reason;
    razón de más all the more reason;
    con mucha razón with good reason
    2
    :
    tener razón be right;
    dar la razón a alguien admit that s.o. is right
    :
    entrar en razón see sense;
    hacer entrar a alguien en razón make s.o. see sense;
    perder la razón lose one’s mind
    4 ( causa)
    :
    de because of;
    por razones de edad on the grounds of age
    5
    :
    * * *
    razón nf, pl razones
    1) motivo: reason, motive
    en razón de: by reason of, because of
    2) justicia: rightness, justice
    tener razón: to be right
    3) : reasoning, sense
    perder la razón: to lose one's mind
    4) : ratio, proportion
    * * *
    razón n (motivo) reason

    Spanish-English dictionary > razón

  • 4 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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